Objective To analyze  the clinical  feature and etiological  factors of primary  liver cancer  (PLC) and explore effective methods  to prevent PLC. Methods Total of 344 PLC cases  from  January 2007  to December 2009 were analyzed retrospectively. Combined with previous clinical research, etiology, treatment and prevention of PLC were discussed. Results Most of PLC patients were  in  intermediate or  late stage when they were diagnosed. Among the patients, 88.95% (306/344) occured liver transfer, 40.69% (140/344) occured portal vein and  inferior vena  tumor  thrombus, only 21.80% patients were suit  for operation. And 83.43% (287/344) patients had hepatic cirrhosis,  the major  infection mode was   HBsAg, anti-HBe and anti-HBc positive which  represents approximately 64.53%. Conclusions Primary  liver  tumor usually occurs  in the setting of chronic  liver disease with poor prognosis. Operation  is  rather  ideal  for  liver cancer. With  the development of medicine, liver transplantation is the definitive therapy for early, unresectable PLC with poor liver  function. Hepatitis B virus  infection  is an  important etiology  for hepatocellular carcinoma. The main infective pattern of HBV HBsAg, anti-HBe and anti-HBc positive. Vaccination is most effective in reducing the incidence of HBV infection and PLC preventation.